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389 questions · 9 papers · Physics 2H

4.5Forces

4.5.1Forces and their interactions

4.5.1.1 Scalar and vector quantities (not assessed in these 9 papers)
Nov21·SP2H 1m
07.1 — Name the force that drives a bicycle forwards
Jun23·SP2H 1m
02.4 — Give one other example of a contact force
Jun24·SP2H 1m
05.1 — Name the force acting through a string
Jun18·SP2H 4m
06.2 — Calculate the mass of a boat to two significant figures
WS 4.5MS 2aMS 3bMS 3c
Jun22·SP2H 1m
05.1 — State what is meant by centre of mass
Jun22·SP2H 3m
05.2 — Calculate the mean weight of a tomato from a balance reading
WS 4.5MS 2bMS 3c
Spec·SP2H 2m
09.5 — Explain why pulling a sled at an angle gives the wrong friction constant
Jun18·SP2H 2m🖨️
06.1 — Complete a free body diagram for a floating boat
Jun18·SP2H 4m🖨️
06.4 — Draw a vector diagram to find the tension force and its direction
MS 4aMS 5a
Jun19·SP2H 2m🖨️
08.1 — Complete a free body diagram for a skydiver
WS 1.2
Nov21·SP2H 4m🖨️
07.5 — Draw a vector diagram to find the resultant force of a towbar
MS 4aMS 5a
Jun23·SP2H 1m
02.2 — Determine the resultant horizontal force on an aeroplane
Jun25·SP2H 2m🖨️
05.1 — Complete a free-body diagram for a skydiver before terminal velocity
Jun25·SP2H 4m🖨️
05.5 — Draw a vector diagram to find the resultant force on a skydiver
MS 4aMS 5a

4.5.2Work done and energy transfer

Jun19·SP2H 1m
03.2 — Write the equation linking distance, force and work done
Jun19·SP2H 3m
03.3 — Calculate the braking distance from work done and braking force
MS 3bMS 3c
Nov20·SP2H 6m
06.6 — Calculate the resultant force needed to accelerate a car from work done
+ 4.5.6.1.5MS 3bMS 3c
Jun22·SP2H 2m
01.1 — Suggest two factors that affect how far an electric car travels before recharging
Jun22·SP2H 1m
01.5 — Write the equation linking distance, force and work done
Jun22·SP2H 3m
01.6 — Calculate the work done against air resistance over a distance in km
WS 4.5MS 3c
Jun22·SP2H 1m
04.5 — Identify a unit equivalent to one joule
WS 4.3
Jun24·SP2H 1m
02.2 — Write the equation linking distance, force and work done
Jun24·SP2H 3m
02.3 — Calculate the horizontal force from work done and distance
MS 3bMS 3c

4.5.3Forces and elasticity

Spec·SP2H 1m
01.1 — Measure the extension of a spring from a diagram
RPA6WS 2.6PS practical skills
Spec·SP2H 2m
01.2 — Explain why the ruler was adjusted to be vertical
RPA6WS 2.3PS practical skills
Spec·SP2H 1m
01.3 — State the range of weights used from a graph
MS 4a
Spec·SP2H 1m
01.4 — Explain why a graph supports a prediction of direct proportionality
WS 3.5MS 4a
Spec·SP2H 2m
01.5 — Describe one technique to improve the accuracy of extension measurements
RPA6WS 2.7PS practical skills
Spec·SP2H 2m
01.6 — Conclude how a spring was deformed from a graph, with a reason
WS 3.5MS 4a
Jun18·SP2H 6m
02.1 — Describe a method to obtain force and extension data for a spring, including causes of inaccuracy (6-mark)
RPA6WS 2.2WS 2.3WS 2.6WS 3.7AT 1AT 2PS practical skills
Jun18·SP2H 1m
02.2 — Suggest why extension was measured for five forces rather than one
RPA6WS 2.7PS practical skills
Jun18·SP2H 2m🖨️
02.3 — Plot the missing force–extension data and draw a line of best fit
WS 3.1MS 4aMS 4c
Jun18·SP2H 1m
02.4 — Write the equation linking extension, force and spring constant
Jun18·SP2H 4m
02.5 — Calculate the spring constant in newtons per metre
WS 4.5MS 3bMS 3c
Jun18·SP2H 2m
02.6 — Explain how the data supports the conclusion that the spring obeys Hooke's Law
WS 3.5MS 4aMS 4b
Nov20·SP2H 4m
04.5 — Calculate the spring constant of the spring in a lock
WS 4.5MS 3bMS 3c
Nov21·SP2H 2m
02.1 — Explain what is meant by 'elastically deformed'
Nov21·SP2H 6m
02.2 — Describe a method to obtain force–extension results, including a risk assessment (6-mark)
RPA6WS 2.2WS 2.3WS 2.4WS 2.6AT 1AT 2PS practical skills
Nov21·SP2H 1m
02.3 — Identify the equation linking extension, force and spring constant
Nov21·SP2H 3m
02.4 — Determine the spring constant from a force–extension graph
MS 3bMS 3cMS 4a
Nov21·SP2H 2m
02.5 — Describe how a graph supports direct proportionality between force and extension
WS 3.5MS 4aMS 4b
Nov21·SP2H 3m
02.6 — Calculate the elastic potential energy stored in a stretched spring
+ 4.1.1.2WS 4.5MS 3c
Jun22·SP2H 3m
05.3 — Determine the spring constant of a compressed spring
WS 4.5MS 3bMS 3c
Jun22·SP2H 2m
05.4 — Explain one property of a spring that makes it suitable for a balance
Jun25·SP2H 1m
02.1 — Identify the independent variable in a spring investigation
WS 2.2PS practical skills
Jun25·SP2H 2m
02.2 — Describe one risk of harm and a safety precaution in a spring investigation
RPA6WS 2.4PS practical skills
Jun25·SP2H 2m
02.3 — Give two ways to improve the accuracy of spring length measurements
RPA6WS 2.3WS 2.7PS practical skills
Jun25·SP2H 1m
02.4 — Explain why a force–length graph does not pass through the origin
WS 3.5MS 4a
Jun25·SP2H 2m
02.5 — Explain why a force–length graph curves above a certain force
WS 3.5MS 4a
Jun25·SP2H 1m
02.6 — Identify the equation linking extension, force and spring constant
Jun25·SP2H 3m
02.7 — Calculate a spring constant from force and extension
MS 3bMS 3c

4.5.4Moments, levers and gears

Jun19·SP2H 2m
10.1 — Explain why it is easier to lower a ramp using a rope than a handle
Jun19·SP2H 6m
10.2 — Calculate the elastic potential energy stored in a spring from a moment
Nov21·SP2H 2m
07.3 — Describe how the force on a pedal causes a moment about the rear axle
Jun23·SP2H 1m
03.1 — Explain how to increase a moment without increasing the force
Jun24·SP2H 1m
02.5 — Write the equation linking distance, force and moment
Jun24·SP2H 3m
02.6 — Calculate the moment of a force about a pivot
WS 4.5MS 3c
Jun24·SP2H 2m
02.7 — Explain what happens to a second gear when the first gear turns

4.5.5Pressure and pressure differences in fluids

Spec·SP2H 2m
10.3 — Explain why an aircraft window has a particular cross-sectional shape
Nov21·SP2H 1m
01.5 — Identify the equation linking pressure, force and area
Nov21·SP2H 5m
01.6 — Calculate the surface area of a brake piston in standard form and give the unit
MS 1bMS 3bMS 3c
Jun23·SP2H 1m
01.6 — Identify the equation linking area, force and pressure
Jun23·SP2H 4m
01.7 — Calculate the force of water on the bottom of a cube
WS 4.5MS 3bMS 3cMS 5c
Jun25·SP2H 1m
08.1 — State the direction of the force on the walls of a jar due to liquid pressure
Jun25·SP2H 4m
08.2 — Calculate the area of the base of a jar to 3 significant figures
MS 2aMS 3bMS 3c
Jun18·SP2H 1m🖨️
04.1 — Draw the water levels in tubes of different shapes
Jun18·SP2H 2m
04.2 — Explain why pressure increases with depth below the sea surface
Jun18·SP2H 4m
04.3 — Calculate the increase in pressure on a swimmer and give the unit
WS 4.5MS 3c
Jun22·SP2H 3m
08.1 — Explain why the forces on a brick at the bottom of a pool keep it stationary
Jun22·SP2H 6m
08.2 — Calculate the density of the water in a swimming pool
+ 4.5.5.1.1MS 3bMS 3c
Jun22·SP2H 3m
08.3 — Determine the force of water on a brick at a greater depth to 3 significant figures
+ 4.5.5.1.1MS 2aMS 3c
Jun24·SP2H 2m
04.1 — Explain what happens to the pressure on a submarine as it goes deeper
Jun24·SP2H 4m
04.2 — Calculate the depth of an ocean trench from the change in pressure
WS 4.5MS 3bMS 3c
Jun25·SP2H 4m
08.3 — Explain why there is an upthrust on an object floating between two liquids
Spec·SP2H 3m
10.1 — Explain why atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude
Spec·SP2H 5m
10.2 — Calculate the resultant force on an aircraft window to two significant figures
+ 4.5.5.1.1WS 4.5MS 2aMS 3bMS 3cMS 4a
Jun23·SP2H 2m🖨️
02.6 — Estimate atmospheric pressure at a height by extending a graph
MS 4aMS 4c
Jun23·SP2H 1m
02.7 — Identify what happens to the air as an aeroplane climbs
Jun25·SP2H 2m
05.4 — Explain why atmospheric pressure on a falling skydiver increases

4.5.6.1Forces and motion: describing motion along a line

Spec·SP2H 1m
08.1 — State the difference between distance and displacement
Spec·SP2H 2m🖨️
08.2 — Determine displacement and direction from a scale map
MS 1cMS 5a
Jun23·SP2H 2m
02.1 — Determine the magnitude of a displacement from a scale drawing
MS 1cMS 5a
Spec·SP2H 1m
07.1 — Suggest why scientists doubted results showing particles faster than light
WS 1.1
Spec·SP2H 2m
07.2 — Suggest two reasons scientists published results they could not explain
WS 1.6
Spec·SP2H 3m
07.3 — Calculate the time for neutrinos to travel a distance, in standard form
MS 1bMS 3bMS 3c
Spec·SP2H 1m
07.4 — Identify 60 nanoseconds in standard form
WS 4.4MS 1b
Spec·SP2H 1m
07.5 — Name the type of error made by the scientists
WS 3.7
Spec·SP2H 1m
07.6 — Suggest how to calculate an accurate speed after a timing error
WS 3.7
Nov20·SP2H 1m
02.2 — Write the equation linking distance, speed and time
Nov20·SP2H 3m
02.3 — Calculate the time for light to travel from the Sun to the Earth
MS 1bMS 3c
Jun22·SP2H 4m
03.4 — Calculate the minimum time to travel between speed cameras within the limit
WS 4.5MS 3bMS 3c
Jun24·SP2H 4m
03.5 — Calculate the time for light from a star to reach the Earth
WS 4.5MS 1bMS 3bMS 3c
Jun25·SP2H 1m
01.2 — Identify the equation linking distance, speed and time
Jun25·SP2H 3m
01.3 — Calculate the time for the sound of lightning to reach a student
MS 3bMS 3c
Spec·SP2H 2m
08.3 — Explain how a train can accelerate without changing speed
Jun22·SP2H 3m
03.5 — Explain why average speed and average velocity between cameras differ
+ 4.5.1.1
Jun19·SP2H 3m
08.3 — Determine a skydiver's speed from a distance–time graph
MS 4aMS 4d
Nov20·SP2H 1m
06.4 — Describe the motion of a car from a distance–time graph
MS 4a
Nov20·SP2H 4m🖨️
06.5 — Draw a tangent to determine the speed of a car at a given time
MS 4aMS 4e
Spec·SP2H 3m
08.4 — Estimate distance travelled from a velocity–time graph
MS 4aMS 4f
Spec·SP2H 3m
09.6 — Calculate the speed of a car before braking to two significant figures
MS 2aMS 3bMS 3c
Jun18·SP2H 2m
01.1 — Describe the motion of a ball from a velocity–time graph
MS 4a
Jun18·SP2H 1m
01.2 — Identify the direction of motion from a section of a velocity–time graph
Jun18·SP2H 4m
01.4 — Explain how a velocity–time graph shows energy transfer from a bouncing ball to the Earth
+ 4.1.1.2+ 4.1.2.1WS 3.5MS 4a
Jun19·SP2H 4m
08.2 — Explain the changing motion of a skydiver in terms of forces
Jun19·SP2H 3m
08.4 — Explain why a skydiver reaches a higher speed jumping from a greater height
Nov20·SP2H 4m
06.7 — Explain why a car has a maximum speed
Nov21·SP2H 3m
07.2 — Determine the distance travelled from a velocity–time graph
MS 4aMS 4f
Nov21·SP2H 3m
07.4 — Calculate the initial acceleration of a cyclist from speed and distance
WS 4.5MS 3bMS 3c
Jun22·SP2H 1m
01.2 — Write the equation linking acceleration, change in velocity and time
Jun22·SP2H 3m
01.3 — Calculate the time for a car to reach a speed at maximum acceleration
MS 3bMS 3c
Jun22·SP2H 3m
01.4 — Calculate the final velocity of a car from acceleration and distance
MS 3bMS 3c
Jun22·SP2H 1m
04.1 — State why a falling hailstone accelerates
Jun22·SP2H 3m
04.2 — Explain why a hailstone reaches terminal velocity
Jun22·SP2H 1m
04.3 — Identify why terminal velocity increases with mass
Jun23·SP2H 2m🖨️
02.5 — Sketch a velocity–time graph from a distance–time sketch-graph
Jun23·SP2H 3m
03.3 — Determine the distance travelled from a velocity–time graph
MS 4aMS 4f
Jun23·SP2H 3m
05.5 — Calculate the initial velocity of a bumper car from acceleration and distance
MS 3bMS 3c
Jun24·SP2H 3m
05.3 — Describe how to calculate acceleration from time taken and distance travelled
RPA7+ 4.5.6.1.2+ 4.5.6.2.2WS 2.2MS 3bMS 3cPS practical skills
Jun24·SP2H 3m
07.1 — Determine the distance travelled by a train from a velocity–time graph
MS 4aMS 4f
Jun24·SP2H 3m
07.3 — Determine the maximum deceleration from a velocity–time graph
MS 4aMS 4d
Jun25·SP2H 2m
03.1 — Calculate the uncertainty in repeated time measurements
WS 3.4MS 1a
Jun25·SP2H 1m
03.2 — Identify the type of error causing variation in time measurements
WS 3.7
Jun25·SP2H 1m
03.3 — Suggest one reason for the variation in time measurements
WS 3.7
Jun25·SP2H 3m
03.4 — Determine the acceleration of a falling ball from the gradient of a graph
MS 3cMS 4aMS 4d
Jun25·SP2H 4m
05.2 — Calculate the velocity of a skydiver after a given time
WS 4.5MS 3bMS 3c
Jun25·SP2H 4m
05.3 — Explain why a skydiver reaches terminal velocity

4.5.6.2Forces and motion: forces, accelerations and Newton's Laws of motion

Spec·SP2H 1m
09.4 — Identify why a sled must be pulled at constant speed
Jun19·SP2H 1m
06.1 — State what inertia is
Jun23·SP2H 1m
02.3 — Describe the motion of an aeroplane with balanced forces
Jun24·SP2H 2m
02.1 — State the resultant vertical force on a standing child, with a reason
Nov20·SP2H 1m
01.1 — Identify a change to stop a trolley rolling down the runway on its own
RPA7WS 2.3PS practical skills
Nov20·SP2H 1m
01.2 — Suggest how to stop the string rubbing on the bench
RPA7WS 2.3PS practical skills
Nov20·SP2H 4m🖨️
01.3 — Choose a scale, plot force–acceleration results and draw a line of best fit
WS 3.1MS 4aMS 4c
Nov20·SP2H 1m
01.4 — Describe the relationship between resultant force and acceleration
WS 3.5MS 4aMS 4b
Nov20·SP2H 2m
01.5 — Describe how to reduce the effect of random errors in the investigation
RPA7WS 2.7WS 3.7PS practical skills
Nov20·SP2H 1m
01.6 — Write the equation linking acceleration, mass and resultant force
Nov20·SP2H 4m
01.7 — Calculate the acceleration of a trolley to 2 significant figures
MS 2aMS 3bMS 3c
Nov21·SP2H 1m
01.2 — Identify the equation linking acceleration, mass and resultant force
Nov21·SP2H 3m
01.3 — Calculate the deceleration of a car from braking force and mass
MS 3bMS 3c
Jun24·SP2H 2m
02.4 — Explain why a baby walker speeds up when it moves onto a hard floor
Jun24·SP2H 1m
05.2 — Give one control variable in a force and acceleration investigation
WS 2.2PS practical skills
Jun24·SP2H 2m
05.4 — Calculate the uncertainty in repeated acceleration values
WS 3.4MS 1a
Jun24·SP2H 2m
05.5 — Explain how raising one end of a runway affects acceleration
Jun24·SP2H 3m
07.2 — Explain what happens to the braking force as a train decelerates, using a graph
+ 4.5.6.1.5MS 4aMS 4d
Jun25·SP2H 1m
06.1 — Compare the maximum accelerations of two cars of different mass
Jun18·SP2H 1m
06.3 — Name the law describing equal and opposite forces on the boat and water
Jun23·SP2H 1m
05.2 — Describe how Newton's Third Law applies to a collision

4.5.6.3Forces and motion: forces and braking

Spec·SP2H 1m
09.1 — State what is meant by braking distance
Spec·SP2H 2m
09.3 — Evaluate a claim that thinking and braking distance are proportional to speed
WS 3.5MS 3a
Jun19·SP2H 6m
03.1 — Explain the factors that affect the stopping distance of a vehicle (6-mark)
Nov21·SP2H 2m
01.4 — Use a graph to determine the stopping distance at a given speed
MS 4a
Spec·SP2H 2m
09.2 — Explain why stopping distance increases if the driver is tired
Jun22·SP2H 2m
03.2 — Explain why reaction time affects thinking distance
Jun22·SP2H 2m
03.3 — Identify two conclusions about alcohol and reaction time from a chart
WS 3.5MS 2c
Jun23·SP2H 3m
03.4 — Explain why driver distraction increases stopping distance
Jun24·SP2H 3m
07.5 — Explain how drinking alcohol affects the stopping distance of a train
Nov21·SP2H 4m
01.1 — Explain the effect of two factors other than speed on braking distance (4-mark)
Jun22·SP2H 2m
03.1 — Give two factors, other than speed, that increase braking distance
Jun19·SP2H 2m
03.4 — Explain the dangers of a large deceleration when braking
WS 1.5
Jun23·SP2H 2m
03.5 — Explain why the temperature of brakes increases when they are used
Jun24·SP2H 6m
07.4 — Calculate the braking distance of a train from force, mass and speed
+ 4.5.6.2.2+ 4.5.6.1.5MS 1aMS 3bMS 3c
Jun25·SP2H 5m
06.3 — Calculate the resultant braking force on a car from its speed and stopping distance
Jun25·SP2H 2m
06.4 — Explain why braking increases the temperature of the brakes
+ 4.1.2.1
Jun25·SP2H 2m
06.5 — Give two possible risks of a large deceleration
WS 1.5

4.5.7Momentum

Jun23·SP2H 4m
03.2 — Calculate the mass of a car from its momentum and a velocity–time graph
MS 3bMS 3cMS 4a
Nov20·SP2H 1m
05.1 — State what is meant by momentum being conserved
Nov20·SP2H 4m
05.2 — Calculate the velocity of two players immediately after a collision
+ 4.5.7.1MS 3bMS 3c
Jun23·SP2H 1m
05.1 — State what is meant by a closed system
+ 4.1.2.1
Jun19·SP2H 3m
06.2 — Explain why an egg is less likely to break when dropped onto soft foam
WS 1.5
Jun19·SP2H 4m
06.3 — Calculate a child's landing velocity from force, mass and stopping time
WS 4.5MS 3bMS 3c
Nov20·SP2H 3m
05.3 — Explain how protective pads reduce injury in a collision
WS 1.5
Jun22·SP2H 3m
04.6 — Determine the average force on a hailstone as it stops on hitting the ground
WS 4.5MS 1aMS 3bMS 3cMS 4a
Jun23·SP2H 2m
05.3 — Calculate the force on a bumper car from change in momentum and time
MS 3bMS 3c
Jun23·SP2H 3m
05.4 — Explain how a flexible bumper reduces the risk of injury
Jun25·SP2H 3m
06.2 — Explain how air bags reduce the chance of injury

4.6Waves

4.6.1Waves in air, fluids and solids

Spec·SP2H 2m
11.1 — Describe the difference between longitudinal and transverse waves
Spec·SP2H 1m
11.2 — Describe evidence that a sound wave, not the air, travels
Nov20·SP2H 2m
06.3 — Give two ways radio waves differ from sound waves
Nov21·SP2H 2m
05.5 — Describe the difference between transverse and longitudinal waves
Jun23·SP2H 1m
01.1 — Complete a sentence about oscillations in a transverse wave
Jun25·SP2H 6m
01.1 — Describe the similarities and differences between visible light waves and sound waves (6-mark)
Jun18·SP2H 1m
03.2 — Calculate the frequency of a seismic wave from a trace
MS 1cMS 3cMS 4a
Jun18·SP2H 1m
03.3 — Write the equation linking frequency, wavelength and wave speed
Jun18·SP2H 3m
03.4 — Calculate the wavelength of a P-wave
MS 3bMS 3c
Jun19·SP2H 1m
02.1 — Identify suitable apparatus to measure the wavelength on a string
RPA8WS 2.3AT 4PS practical skills
Jun19·SP2H 1m
02.2 — Write the equation linking frequency, wavelength and wave speed
Jun19·SP2H 3m
02.3 — Calculate the wave speed on a vibrating string
WS 4.5MS 3c
Jun19·SP2H 2m
02.4 — Describe how to adjust the apparatus to show one complete wave at a higher frequency
RPA8WS 2.3PS practical skills
Jun19·SP2H 4m
02.5 — Describe a method to investigate how tension affects wave speed on a string
RPA8WS 2.2WS 2.3AT 1AT 4PS practical skills
Nov20·SP2H 5m
06.1 — Calculate the wavelength of radio waves and give the unit
WS 4.4MS 1bMS 3bMS 3c
Nov21·SP2H 3m
05.3 — Calculate the frequency of an ultraviolet wave
WS 4.4MS 1bMS 3bMS 3c
Nov21·SP2H 1m
06.1 — State the advantage of repeating measurements and calculating a mean
RPA8WS 2.7PS practical skills
Nov21·SP2H 5m
06.2 — Calculate the mean frequency of water waves to 2 significant figures
MS 2aMS 2bMS 3c
Nov21·SP2H 3m
06.3 — Explain how to determine wave speed in a ripple tank without measuring wavelength
RPA8WS 2.2AT 1AT 4PS practical skills
Jun23·SP2H 5m
06.2 — Calculate the frequency of a microwave in standard form
WS 4.5MS 1bMS 3bMS 3c
Jun24·SP2H 3m
04.5 — Calculate the wavelength of an S-wave
WS 4.5MS 3bMS 3c
Jun25·SP2H 4m
04.3 — Calculate the frequency of radiation with a wavelength in micrometres
WS 4.4MS 1bMS 3bMS 3c
Spec·SP2H 6m
05.1 — Describe an investigation to obtain refraction data, including causes of inaccuracy (6-mark)
RPA9WS 2.2WS 2.6WS 3.7AT 4AT 8PS practical skills
Jun18·SP2H 1m
05.1 — Identify the type of error causing a range of reflection angles
WS 3.7
Jun18·SP2H 1m
05.2 — Suggest what the student did to cause a range of reflection angles
RPA9WS 2.6WS 3.7PS practical skills
Jun18·SP2H 2m
05.3 — Estimate the uncertainty in an angle of reflection
WS 3.4MS 1a
Jun18·SP2H 2m
05.4 — Evaluate a conclusion about angles of incidence and reflection, using data
WS 3.5WS 3.7
Jun18·SP2H 1m
05.5 — Suggest what extra evidence would support the conclusion
RPA9WS 2.7PS practical skills
Jun18·SP2H 1m
05.6 — State one change to the apparatus to investigate diffuse reflection
RPA9WS 2.3PS practical skills
Nov20·SP2H 2m
03.1 — Explain why a narrow ray gives more accurate refraction results
RPA9WS 2.3WS 3.4PS practical skills
Nov20·SP2H 2m🖨️
03.2 — Estimate an angle of refraction by extending the line on a graph
WS 3.5MS 4aMS 4b
Nov20·SP2H 6m
03.3 — Describe a method to investigate refraction of light at an air–glass boundary (6-mark)
RPA9WS 2.2WS 2.6AT 4AT 8PS practical skills
Nov20·SP2H 2m
03.4 — Estimate the uncertainty in an angle of refraction from repeat readings
WS 3.4MS 1a
Jun22·SP2H 6m
02.1 — Describe a method to investigate how the angle of refraction varies with angle of incidence (6-mark)
RPA9WS 2.2WS 2.6AT 4AT 8PS practical skills
Jun22·SP2H 4m🖨️
02.2 — Label the axes, plot refraction data and draw a line of best fit
WS 3.1MS 4aMS 4c
Jun22·SP2H 2m🖨️
02.3 — Draw the normal and reflected ray on a plane mirror ray diagram
WS 1.2
Jun22·SP2H 4m
02.4 — Explain two ways one reflection method is better than another
RPA9WS 2.3WS 2.7PS practical skills
Jun23·SP2H 1m
07.2 — Give the conclusion from angle-of-reflection results
WS 3.5
Jun23·SP2H 2m
07.3 — Identify the type of error causing variation in results, with a cause
RPA9WS 3.7PS practical skills
Jun23·SP2H 1m
07.4 — Explain why a ray passes through a glass block without refracting
Jun23·SP2H 2m
07.5 — Explain why the protractor could not give the recorded precision
RPA9WS 2.6WS 3.7PS practical skills
Jun24·SP2H 1m
01.1 — State the resolution of a protractor
RPA9WS 2.6PS practical skills
Jun24·SP2H 6m
01.2 — Describe a method to obtain angles of incidence and refraction for a glass block (6-mark)
RPA9WS 2.2WS 2.6AT 4AT 8PS practical skills
Jun24·SP2H 2m🖨️
01.3 — Plot additional refraction results and draw a line of best fit
WS 3.1MS 4aMS 4c
Jun24·SP2H 1m
01.4 — Explain how a graph shows two angles are not directly proportional
WS 3.5MS 4a
Jun24·SP2H 2m🖨️
01.5 — Draw the normal and reflected ray on a headlight reflector
WS 1.2
Jun23·SP2H 4m
04.6 — Compare how age and environment affect the minimum sound level people can hear (4-mark)
WS 3.5MS 4a
Jun18·SP2H 1m
03.1 — Identify the correct statement about P-waves and S-waves
Jun18·SP2H 2m
03.5 — Explain how seismic waves provide evidence for the structure of the Earth's core
WS 1.1
Jun19·SP2H 1m
09.1 — Identify the animal that cannot hear ultrasound
+ 4.6.1.4WS 3.5
Jun19·SP2H 1m
09.2 — Identify 2 microseconds in standard form
WS 4.4MS 1b
Jun19·SP2H 4m
09.3 — Determine the depth of a crack using ultrasound, to two significant figures
+ 4.5.6.1.2WS 4.4MS 2aMS 3cMS 4a
Jun24·SP2H 1m
04.3 — Identify the correct statement about P-waves and S-waves
Jun24·SP2H 2m
04.4 — Identify where only P-waves are detected, with a reason
Jun24·SP2H 2m
04.6 — Describe how the P–S arrival time gap depends on distance from an earthquake

4.6.2Electromagnetic waves

Jun19·SP2H 1m
07.1 — Identify the correct statement about the electromagnetic spectrum
Nov21·SP2H 1m
05.2 — Identify 300 nanometres in standard form
WS 4.4MS 1b
Nov21·SP2H 1m🖨️
05.4 — Match electromagnetic waves to their names from wavelength data
Jun24·SP2H 3m
06.1 — Give three similarities between radio waves and gamma rays
Spec·SP2H 1m
05.2 — State the reason light refracts when crossing from air into glass
Jun18·SP2H 3m
09.4 — Explain why water waves refract at a boundary between deep and shallow water
+ 4.6.1.2WS 1.2
Jun18·SP2H 2m
09.5 — Explain why wave fronts travelling parallel to a boundary do not refract
+ 4.6.1.2WS 1.2
Jun19·SP2H 1m
07.3 — Suggest how to reduce the risk from boiling water in an infrared investigation
RPA10WS 2.4PS practical skills
Jun19·SP2H 1m
07.4 — Identify the control variable in an infrared emission investigation
WS 2.2PS practical skills
Jun19·SP2H 1m
07.5 — Give the reason the results cannot show the detector is precise
WS 3.7
Jun19·SP2H 2m
07.6 — Explain how a detector resolution of 1 °C would affect the conclusion
WS 3.5WS 3.7
Nov20·SP2H 1m
03.5 — Identify the property of a light wave that changes on refraction
Jun23·SP2H 6m
01.2 — Describe a method to test a hypothesis about infrared emission from different flasks (6-mark)
RPA10WS 2.1WS 2.2AT 1AT 4PS practical skills
Jun23·SP2H 1m
01.4 — Identify the dependent variable in an infrared absorption investigation
WS 2.2PS practical skills
Jun23·SP2H 2m
01.5 — Give two conclusions from infrared absorption results
+ 4.6.3.1WS 3.5
Jun23·SP2H 3m
07.6 — Explain, using wave fronts, why light refracts at an air–glass boundary
WS 1.2
Jun24·SP2H 1m
01.6 — Identify the diagram showing light passing through a transparent cover
WS 1.2
Nov20·SP2H 2m
06.2 — Describe what happens in a circuit when an aerial absorbs radio waves
Jun24·SP2H 2m
06.3 — Explain why gamma rays can be harmful but radio waves are not
Jun24·SP2H 2m
06.4 — Explain how radio waves are produced at a specific frequency
Jun19·SP2H 2m
07.2 — Explain how the properties of X-rays make them suitable for imaging bones
Nov21·SP2H 1m
05.1 — Give one use of ultraviolet
Jun24·SP2H 1m
06.2 — Give one medical use of gamma rays
Spec·SP2H 2m
03.1 — Explain why image height in cm equals magnification in an investigation
Spec·SP2H 1m
03.2 — Suggest a change to obtain accurate magnification values at large distances
WS 2.3WS 2.7PS practical skills
Spec·SP2H 2m🖨️
03.3 — Plot missing magnification data and draw a line of best fit
WS 3.1MS 4aMS 4c
Spec·SP2H 2m
03.4 — Use a graph to compare image sizes at two object distances
WS 3.5MS 1cMS 4a
Spec·SP2H 2m
03.5 — Give a second way to determine magnification, with a calculation
WS 3.5MS 1c
Spec·SP2H 3m🖨️
03.6 — Complete a ray diagram for a convex lens and a close object
WS 1.2
Jun19·SP2H 1m
01.1 — Name the distance shown on a convex lens diagram
Jun19·SP2H 2m🖨️
01.2 — Complete a ray diagram to show how a convex lens forms an image
WS 1.2
Jun19·SP2H 2m
01.3 — Give one similarity and one difference between images from convex and concave lenses
Jun19·SP2H 3m
01.4 — Calculate the height of an object from image height and magnification
MS 1cMS 3bMS 3c
Nov20·SP2H 3m🖨️
04.1 — Complete a ray diagram for a concave security lens
WS 1.2
Nov20·SP2H 1m
04.2 — Identify how image size changes as the object moves away from a concave lens
Nov21·SP2H 1m
04.1 — Give two words, other than upright, that describe the image from a concave lens
Nov21·SP2H 3m🖨️
04.2 — Complete a ray diagram to show how a convex lens forms an image
WS 1.2
Nov21·SP2H 1m
04.3 — Describe how image distance changes with object distance from a graph
WS 3.5MS 4a
Nov21·SP2H 2m
04.4 — Calculate the uncertainty in repeated image-distance measurements
WS 3.4MS 1a
Jun25·SP2H 1m
04.1 — Identify the type of lens in a telescope diagram
Jun25·SP2H 2m🖨️
04.2 — Complete a ray diagram for parallel rays passing through a lens
WS 1.2
Nov21·SP2H 3m
04.5 — Explain why a blue object looks black in red light
Jun23·SP2H 1m
07.1 — Name the type of reflection from a smooth surface

4.6.3Black body radiation

Jun18·SP2H 1m
07.3 — Describe how infrared emission from nails changes when they are heated
Jun19·SP2H 1m
07.7 — State the albedo value of a perfect black body
Jun23·SP2H 2m
01.3 — Identify when flasks emit infrared at the greatest rate, with a reason
Jun19·SP2H 3m
07.8 — Explain why air under a clear sky cools faster at night than under cloud
WS 1.2
Nov20·SP2H 1m
02.5 — Identify the property of a star that its range of emitted wavelengths depends on

4.7Magnetism and electromagnetism

4.7.1Permanent and induced magnetism, magnetic forces and fields

Jun19·SP2H 2m
04.2 — Explain why two iron rods inside a solenoid move apart
Nov20·SP2H 1m
04.3 — Identify the material the bolt of an electric lock should be made from
Jun23·SP2H 1m
04.3 — State what an induced magnet is
Jun23·SP2H 1m
04.2 — Identify the direction of the magnetic field between two magnetic poles

4.7.2The motor effect

Spec·SP2H 2m
04.1 — Describe how to show a magnetic field around a current-carrying wire
Spec·SP2H 4m
04.2 — Explain how an electromagnetic switch in a car ignition circuit works
Jun18·SP2H 2m🖨️
10.1 — Draw the magnetic field pattern around a current-carrying wire
Jun18·SP2H 1m
10.2 — Identify 4 microtesla in standard form
WS 4.4MS 1b
Jun19·SP2H 2m🖨️
04.1 — Draw the magnetic field of a solenoid
Jun19·SP2H 2m
04.3 — Explain why an electromagnet investigation method is not valid
WS 2.7PS practical skills
Jun19·SP2H 1m
04.4 — Describe how current affects electromagnet strength, using a graph
WS 3.5MS 4a
Jun19·SP2H 1m
04.5 — Compare the effect of increasing the turns of wire over two ranges
WS 3.5MS 4a
Nov20·SP2H 3m
04.4 — Explain why the door unlocks when the switch is closed
Nov20·SP2H 2m
04.6 — Give two ways the resultant force on the bolt could be increased
Spec·SP2H 1m
12.1 — Name the effect that makes a current-carrying wire move
Spec·SP2H 1m
12.2 — Suggest one change to increase the force on a wire in a current balance
Spec·SP2H 6m
12.3 — Calculate magnetic flux density from a balancing moment and give the unit
+ 4.5.4MS 1bMS 3bMS 3c
Nov21·SP2H 5m
09.1 — Explain how Fleming's left-hand rule predicts the direction a rod moves
Nov21·SP2H 2m
09.2 — Suggest two changes to increase the force on a copper rod
Nov21·SP2H 6m
09.3 — Calculate the maximum velocity of a rod accelerated by the motor effect
+ 4.5.6.2.2+ 4.5.6.1.5WS 4.5MS 3bMS 3c
Jun22·SP2H 1m
07.4 — Identify the direction of the force on a cable in the Earth's magnetic field
Jun22·SP2H 4m
07.5 — Calculate the length of a cable from the force in the Earth's magnetic field
WS 4.4MS 1bMS 3bMS 3c
Jun22·SP2H 1m
07.6 — State one assumption made in the cable force calculation
Jun23·SP2H 4m
04.5 — Calculate the magnetic flux density around a loudspeaker coil
WS 4.4MS 3bMS 3c
Jun25·SP2H 1m
07.1 — Identify the direction of acceleration of a rod in a motor-effect demonstration
Jun25·SP2H 5m
07.2 — Calculate the initial acceleration of a rod from the force on it in a magnetic field
+ 4.5.6.2.2WS 4.5MS 3bMS 3c
Jun18·SP2H 4m
10.3 — Explain why the coil of a simple electric motor rotates continuously
Jun25·SP2H 4m
07.3 — Explain how magnetic fields make a motor coil rotate continuously
Jun25·SP2H 2m
07.4 — Explain why the resultant moment on a motor coil is zero in the vertical position
Spec·SP2H 6m
11.3 — Explain how a loudspeaker converts current into a sound wave (6-mark)
Nov21·SP2H 1m
08.1 — Name the effect used by a moving-coil loudspeaker
Nov21·SP2H 4m
08.2 — Explain how a moving-coil loudspeaker produces a sound wave
Nov21·SP2H 2m
08.3 — Explain why loudspeaker results cannot give a valid conclusion
+ 4.6.1.2WS 2.7PS practical skills
Jun23·SP2H 1m
04.4 — Identify the effect that makes a loudspeaker coil move

4.7.3Induced potential, transformers and the National Grid

Jun18·SP2H 1m
03.6 — Explain why moving a magnet into a coil induces a potential difference
Jun18·SP2H 1m
03.7 — Explain why the induced potential difference is alternating
Jun18·SP2H 1m
03.8 — Identify the magnet's movement when the induced potential difference is zero
MS 4a
Jun18·SP2H 2m
03.9 — Suggest two design changes to make a seismometer more sensitive
WS 1.4
Nov20·SP2H 3m
07.5 — Explain why the alternator handle is easier to turn when disconnected
WS 1.2
Jun23·SP2H 3m
09.3 — Explain why a dynamo is easier to turn when the lamp is disconnected
Jun24·SP2H 1m
08.1 — Name the effect demonstrated when a wire moves between magnets
Jun24·SP2H 3m
08.2 — Explain why a current is detected when a wire moves between magnets
Jun24·SP2H 1m
08.3 — Identify the ammeter reading when the magnetic field is reversed
Nov20·SP2H 5m
07.3 — Explain why an alternating current is induced in an alternator coil
Nov20·SP2H 1m
07.4 — Suggest the purpose of slip rings in an alternator
Jun23·SP2H 5m
09.1 — Explain why a direct current is induced in a dynamo coil
Jun23·SP2H 1m🖨️
09.2 — Sketch the potential difference from a dynamo for two revolutions
MS 4a
Jun19·SP2H 1m
09.4 — State the function of a microphone
Jun19·SP2H 4m
09.5 — Explain how a moving-coil microphone works
WS 1.4
Jun23·SP2H 1m
04.1 — Complete a sentence about what a microphone converts sound into
Jun24·SP2H 3m
08.4 — Explain why sound waves affect the circuit in a moving-coil microphone
Spec·SP2H 1m
06.1 — Identify why iron is suitable for a transformer core
Spec·SP2H 1m
06.2 — Explain how a graph shows a transformer is step-down
WS 3.5MS 4a
Spec·SP2H 3m
06.3 — Calculate the number of turns on a secondary coil using graph data
MS 3bMS 3cMS 4a
Jun18·SP2H 1m
07.1 — Suggest a reason for an anomalous result in a transformer investigation
WS 3.7
Jun18·SP2H 1m
07.2 — Use a graph to show when a transformer changes from step-down to step-up
WS 3.5MS 4a
Jun18·SP2H 5m
07.4 — Calculate the current from the power supply to a transformer
+ 4.2.4.1MS 3bMS 3c
Nov20·SP2H 2m
07.1 — Suggest why a transformer has an adjustable number of secondary turns
Nov20·SP2H 3m
07.2 — Calculate the number of turns needed on a secondary coil
MS 3bMS 3c
Jun22·SP2H 2m
07.1 — Identify the labelled parts of a transformer
Jun22·SP2H 3m
07.2 — Determine the output potential difference of a transformer
MS 3bMS 3c
Jun22·SP2H 3m
07.3 — Explain why there is an alternating current in a transformer's output
Jun23·SP2H 2m
08.1 — Name the material of a transformer core and give the reason
Jun23·SP2H 5m
08.2 — Determine the current in a transformer's secondary coil
+ 4.2.4.1MS 3bMS 3c
Jun25·SP2H 1m
09.1 — Explain why a transformer core is made from iron
Jun25·SP2H 4m
09.2 — Calculate the potential difference across a primary coil in volts
WS 4.5MS 3bMS 3c
Jun25·SP2H 3m
09.3 — Explain why there is an alternating potential difference across a secondary coil

4.8Space physics

4.8.1Solar system; stability of orbital motions; satellites

Nov20·SP2H 2m
02.1 — Complete sentences about why the Sun is a stable star
Nov21·SP2H 2m
03.1 — Explain why a main sequence star is stable
Jun24·SP2H 3m
03.1 — Give three other types of object in our solar system
Nov20·SP2H 6m
02.4 — Describe the life cycle of a star much more massive than the Sun, including forming new elements (6-mark)
Nov21·SP2H 3m
03.2 — Describe the life cycle of a Sun-sized star after the main sequence
Jun22·SP2H 6m
06.1 — Compare the formation and life cycles of stars like the Sun and much more massive stars (6-mark)
Jun24·SP2H 1m
03.2 — Identify the star most likely to form a black hole
Jun24·SP2H 1m
03.3 — Identify a distance in gigametres in metres
WS 4.4MS 1b
Jun24·SP2H 4m
03.6 — Describe how stars produce all other naturally occurring elements
Jun18·SP2H 3m
08.1 — Explain why the velocity of an orbiting satellite changes
Jun18·SP2H 5m
08.2 — Calculate the number of complete orbits a satellite makes in 24 hours
+ 4.5.6.1.2WS 4.5MS 1aMS 1cMS 3cMS 4a
Jun18·SP2H 1m
08.3 — Give the reason the predicted orbital radii can be considered accurate
WS 3.5
Jun18·SP2H 2m
08.4 — Explain why the discovery of Uranus was important for Bode's equation
WS 1.1
Jun23·SP2H 1m
06.1 — Name the objects that orbit a planet
Jun23·SP2H 3m
06.3 — Explain the effect of Earth's gravity on the motion of a space telescope
Jun25·SP2H 3m
04.7 — Explain why the velocity of a satellite orbiting the Sun changes

4.8.2Red-shift

Spec·SP2H 1m
02.1 — Name the effect Hubble observed in light from galaxies
Spec·SP2H 1m
02.2 — Describe the relationship between galaxy speed and distance from a graph
WS 3.5MS 4a
Spec·SP2H 2m
02.3 — Give one strength and one weakness of a balloon model of the expanding Universe
WS 1.2
Spec·SP2H 1m
02.4 — Explain how Hubble's observations support two theories of the Universe
Spec·SP2H 1m
02.5 — Suggest what made scientists think the steady-state theory was wrong
WS 1.1
Jun19·SP2H 1m
05.1 — Complete a sentence about what red-shift describes
Jun19·SP2H 1m
05.2 — Describe how the Big Bang theory describes the early universe
Jun19·SP2H 1m
05.3 — Describe the relationship between galaxy speed and distance from a graph
WS 3.5MS 4a
Jun19·SP2H 1m
05.4 — Identify a distance in terametres in standard form in metres
WS 4.4MS 1b
Jun19·SP2H 2m
05.5 — Explain how galaxy data supports the universe beginning from a small region
WS 3.5
Jun19·SP2H 1m
05.6 — State what new observations suggest is happening to the universe
Jun19·SP2H 1m
05.7 — Give one reason why peer review is important
WS 1.6
Jun19·SP2H 2m
05.8 — Describe how light from an approaching galaxy appears to change
Nov21·SP2H 2m
03.3 — Identify the galaxy with the smallest red-shift, with a reason
WS 3.5MS 4a
Jun22·SP2H 2m
06.2 — Describe what is meant by red-shift
Jun22·SP2H 2m
06.3 — Explain how galaxy velocities provide evidence for the Big Bang theory
WS 3.5
Jun22·SP2H 1m
06.4 — Give the reason scientists sometimes change theories about the universe
WS 1.1
Jun23·SP2H 3m
06.4 — Explain what spectra show about two galaxies
WS 3.5
Jun24·SP2H 3m
03.4 — Explain what spectra show about the velocities of two galaxies
WS 3.5
Jun25·SP2H 1m
04.4 — Complete a sentence about what red-shift shows
Jun25·SP2H 1m
04.5 — Identify why radiation from distant galaxies is red-shifted
Jun25·SP2H 1m
04.6 — Conclude what the greatest red-shift shows about a galaxy's distance
WS 3.5

4.9Key ideas

4.9Key ideas

Jun18·SP2H 1m
09.1 — Identify which statement describes a scientific model
WS 1.2
Jun18·SP2H 1m
09.2 — Explain why scientists sometimes have different models of the same thing
WS 1.1WS 1.2
Jun18·SP2H 4m
09.3 — Explain why scientists replace an old model, with an example from physics
WS 1.1

4.1Energy (Paper 1 topic)

4.1.1Energy changes in a system

Jun18·SP2H 1m
01.3 — Identify what is meant by a system
Jun22·SP2H 3m
04.4 — Explain the difference in maximum kinetic energy of two hailstones
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