4.1Cell biology
4.1.1Cell structure
03.1 — Give two similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
03.2 — Give three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
03.3 — Calculate the ratio of the size of a bacterial cell to a mesophyll cell
05.2 — Describe three ways a protist's structure differs from a prokaryotic cell
08.1 — Identify the correct statement about bacterial and yeast cells
08.2 — Give two features of a yeast cell not found in a bacterial cell
01.1 — State the function of the nucleus
01.3 — Draw a simple labelled diagram of an animal cell from a micrograph
01.4 — Name one structure found in a plant cell but not in an animal cell
01.1 — Complete a table of cell parts and their functions
02.1 — Name a structure found in plant and fungal cells but not animal cells
04.4 — Name part Y of a phloem cell in a figure
01.3 — Name a type of cell in a potato plant that has no chloroplasts
4.1.1.4 Cell differentiation (not assessed in these 9 papers)
01.5 — Calculate the magnification of cells in a figure from a measured length
01.6 — Give two advantages of an electron microscope over a light microscope
01.1 — Name two pieces of equipment used to prepare cells for viewing under a microscope
01.2 — Name part A of a light microscope
01.3 — State the function of part B of a light microscope
01.4 — Suggest why no cells could be seen through the microscope
03.1 — Complete a risk assessment for preparing an onion cell slide
03.2 — Give reasons for steps in preparing an onion cell slide
03.3 — Calculate the real length of a cell in micrometres
03.4 — Give two ways to improve a student's drawing of cells
03.5 — Give two ways onion cells would look different under an electron microscope
08.3 — Calculate the magnification of a structure from its volume and radius
05.2 — Calculate the real diameter of a red blood cell in micrometres
09.5 — Name the type of cell division in bacteria
09.6 — Suggest why the number of bacterial cells levels out
01.7 — State the measurement needed to calculate the area where no bacteria were growing
01.8 — Give one change that would allow the scientist to check the results are repeatable
02.1 — Describe two aseptic techniques for an antibiotic agar plate
02.2 — Identify the least effective antibiotic from an agar plate, with a reason
02.3 — Calculate the area of the clear zone around an antibiotic disc, with the unit
02.4 — Suggest one improvement to the antibiotic investigation
03.3 — Describe two aseptic techniques for an antibiotic investigation
03.4 — Explain why scientists incubate bacteria at 37 °C but students use 25 °C
03.5 — State the purpose of the paper disc with no antibiotic
03.7 — Describe how to compare two antibiotics quantitatively from the results
06.2 — Explain how agar plate results show a bacterium is not resistant to an antibiotic
08.4 — Describe how to estimate the number of bacteria in 1 cm³ from samples
4.1.2Cell division
02.1 — State where in a cell the cystic fibrosis gene is found
09.1 — Identify the photograph showing a cell not going through mitosis
09.2 — Describe what is happening in a photograph of a dividing cell
09.3 — Identify the fastest stage of the cell cycle from cell counts, with a reason
09.4 — Calculate the time a cell spends in one stage of the cell cycle
03.4 — Name the type of cell division that produces identical cells for growth and repair
03.5 — Identify the percentage of the cell cycle taken by two stages
03.6 — Describe what happens during each stage of the cell cycle
02.3 — Calculate how many times a fungal cell divides in 24 hours
04.4 — Describe how mitosis produces two genetically identical cells
05.5 — Suggest how a drug that stops DNA base synthesis prevents mitosis
05.6 — Describe cell division by mitosis
08.1 — Describe one change in a cell before it divides, other than DNA replication
08.2 — Name a structure in a diagram of a dividing cell
08.4 — Explain why a cell cannot complete division when a drug stops fibres attaching to chromosomes
02.2 — Suggest how to produce many plants from one plant with a resistant gene
07.5 — Name the type of cell that divides when a new gill grows
07.6 — Name a condition that could be treated using regenerated human tissue
07.7 — Suggest why an axolotl is suitable for laboratory research
07.8 — Suggest why an axolotl may not be suitable for research on human tissue regeneration
04.5 — Name the process by which stem cells form specialised cells
01.2 — Name the plant tissue that contains stem cells
07.1 — State the property of embryonic stem cells that makes them suitable to treat liver disease
07.2 — Suggest an ethical reason for not wanting embryonic stem cell treatment
4.1.3Transport in cells
04.1 — Describe how glucose moves from the small intestine to a muscle cell
02.1 — State what is meant by diffusion
06.1 — Calculate a surface area to volume ratio from standard-form data
06.2 — Describe the relationship between organism size and surface area to volume ratio
06.3 — Explain why a larger organism needs a respiratory system but a smaller one does not
06.5 — Describe how alveoli and villi are adapted to increase absorption
06.1 — Define diffusion
06.2 — Explain how gills are adapted to maximise gas exchange
05.1 — Calculate a percentage change in mass of a potato cylinder
05.2 — Explain why percentage change in mass was calculated
05.3 — Complete a graph of percentage change in mass against sugar concentration
05.4 — Use the graph to estimate the concentration inside potato cells
05.5 — Explain why the percentage changes in mass are positive and negative
05.6 — Suggest two possible sources of error in the osmosis method
04.1 — Decide whether the result for egg 4 is anomalous and give a reason
04.2 — Calculate the percentage change in mass of egg 3
04.3 — Explain why the masses of the eggs increased
04.4 — Explain how the investigation could be modified to determine the concentration of the solution inside each egg
06.4 — Explain how diabetes can cause body cells to lose more water
02.4 — Name the process by which water enters a root hair cell
01.6 — Explain why a red blood cell bursts in water but a plant cell does not
01.4 — Identify the independent variable in a potato and salt solution investigation
01.5 — Explain why the potato pieces were dried before weighing
01.6 — Calculate the percentage increase in mass of a potato piece
01.7 — Complete a graph of percentage change in mass against salt concentration
01.8 — Use the graph to find the concentration equal to that inside the potato
01.9 — Explain why potato pieces decreased in mass in concentrated salt solution
03.9 — Explain why bacteria burst when an antibiotic damages the cell wall
05.1 — Plan a method to investigate salt concentration and change in mass of potato (6-mark)
05.2 — Explain the result for potato pieces in a given salt concentration
05.3 — Explain why the result at a higher salt concentration was different
03.1 — Evaluate a student's osmosis method and suggest how to improve validity (6-mark)
03.2 — Identify why a potato cube in distilled water increases in mass
01.1 — Identify the process plants use to move mineral ions into root cells
04.5 — Explain how calcium ions are moved from the shell into the cytoplasm of the egg (Table 5)
02.5 — Explain how nitrate ions are transported into a root hair cell
04.5 — Explain how sub-cellular structures help move sugars into a phloem cell
03.3 — Give one way active transport is different from osmosis
4.2Organisation
4.2.1Principles of organisation
01.1 — State what a tissue is
4.2.2Animal tissues, organs and organ systems
02.3 — Describe how to test fruit for glucose
06.1 — Label the stomach and pancreas on a diagram
06.4 — Describe the test for protein in food
07.1 — Calculate how much more milk is needed to get the RDA for calcium than for vitamin B-12 (Table 8)
07.2 — Describe how to test cow's milk for protein and different types of carbohydrate [6-mark]
07.3 — Explain why the indicator in both tubes became colourless
07.4 — Give the reason why the timing of the colour change might be inaccurate
07.5 — Explain the difference in results for the tubes with and without bile (Table 9)
06.2 — Name a chemical used to test for glucose
06.3 — Describe a test to show that urine contains glucose
06.5 — Describe how the small intestine is adapted for efficient absorption
08.1 — State what an enzyme is
08.2 — Name two other digestive organs that produce carbohydrase
01.8 — Explain why the rate of photosynthesis decreased from 35 °C to 45 °C
04.1 — Identify the two products of lipid breakdown
04.2 — Explain the lock and key theory of enzyme action using a model
04.3 — Explain why each lipase acts on only one type of lipid
04.4 — Describe how to test leaf liquid for glucose
04.5 — Describe how to test leaf liquid for starch
05.1 — Name the type of molecule that enzymes are made from
05.2 — Name the three parts of the digestive system that produce amylase
05.3 — Explain how amylase breaks down starch using the lock and key theory
05.4 — Name two control variables in the amylase and temperature investigation
05.5 — Explain why the solutions were left for 5 minutes before mixing
05.6 — Give a conclusion about temperature and amylase activity from a table
05.7 — Explain the amylase results at a low and a high temperature
05.8 — Describe how to extend the investigation to test a different factor
07.7 — Explain why a blocked bile duct makes fat difficult to digest
02.4 — Identify where protein is digested
02.5 — Identify the reagent used to test for protein
02.2 — Identify the lungs, pancreas and small intestine on a diagram
03.1 — Describe chemical tests for two carbohydrates in cake, with a risk assessment (6-mark)
03.2 — Identify the dependent variable in a bread tasting investigation
03.3 — Give one control variable for the bread tasting investigation
03.4 — Explain why bread tastes sweet when held in the mouth
03.5 — Suggest why the results of the bread investigation were not valid
02.5 — Explain iodine test results for amylase at two temperatures
02.6 — Identify how to find a more precise optimum temperature for amylase
02.7 — Complete a table of organs where protease enzymes are active
07.7 — Identify where bile is stored
07.8 — Explain why a person with severe liver disease has difficulty digesting fats (6-mark)
10 — Explain how the circulatory system supplies oxygen and removes waste (6-mark)
03.3 — Select the two blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood
03.4 — Select the type of blood vessel that carries blood into the right atrium (Figure 4)
03.5 — Compare the structure of an artery with the structure of a vein
03.6 — Draw an X on Figure 5 to show the position of the pacemaker
03.7 — State a condition that may be treated using an artificial pacemaker
07.1 — Define the term double circulatory system
07.2 — Label the ventricle on a diagram of an axolotl circulatory system
07.3 — Explain why one ventricle makes a circulatory system less efficient
02.3 — Explain how the lungs are adapted for efficient gas exchange (6-mark)
02.1 — Identify the part of the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
02.2 — Identify the part of the heart that pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
02.3 — Identify where the pacemaker is found in the heart
02.4 — Describe two structural differences between an artery and a vein
02.4 — Describe three features of alveoli that maximise gas exchange
05.3 — Match blood pressures to blood vessels on a heart diagram
05.4 — Name blood vessel D on a heart diagram
05.5 — Describe the structure of the walls of an artery
03.1 — Name two other substances transported in the blood plasma
01.2 — Name one type of cell that does not contain a nucleus
05.3 — Name the blood component that starts blood clotting
06.1 — Identify the part of the blood that transports glucose
01.5 — Compare the structure of a red blood cell with a plant cell (6-mark)
07.6 — Identify the blood transfusion risk with the lowest probability
05.1 — Give one function of blood plasma other than transporting cells
05.2 — Give a conclusion about deaths after heart valve replacement, with calculations
05.4 — Evaluate mechanical and biological replacement heart valves using data (6-mark)
03.6 — Name two health conditions linked to a diet high in saturated fat
02.5 — Describe the trend between coronary artery blockage and blood flow
02.6 — Complete a graph of blood flow against percentage blockage
02.7 — Predict blood flow for a given blockage using the graph
02.9 — Explain how one treatment for a blocked coronary artery works
01.1 — Identify the blood vessels affected by coronary heart disease
01.4 — Name a type of drug that lowers blood cholesterol
01.5 — Explain how a stent treats coronary heart disease
03.5 — Suggest how arthritis could affect a person's lifestyle
06.1 — Suggest two other factors controlled in an alcohol and liver disease survey
06.2 — Calculate the percentage decrease in relative risk of liver cirrhosis
06.3 — Calculate relative risk of liver cirrhosis for a given alcohol intake
06.4 — Give two conclusions about alcohol and risk of liver cirrhosis from a graph
06.5 — Suggest two reasons why the survey data is considered valid
06.6 — Suggest one aspect of the survey that might reduce validity
03.1 — Identify the BMI category of a person from a chart
03.2 — Calculate BMI to 3 significant figures
03.3 — Describe two patterns in a table of BMI category and life expectancy
03.4 — Explain the financial impact on the UK of more people being obese
02.6 — Evaluate meat burgers and meat-free burgers for a healthy balanced diet (6-mark)
01.6 — Give two conclusions about smoking and cardiovascular disease from a table
01.7 — Complete a bar chart of increased risk of cardiovascular diseases from smoking
01.8 — Describe one lifestyle factor that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease
02.1 — Name one disease for which obesity is a risk factor
02.2 — Complete a graph of obesity rate against sugar intake
02.3 — Name the type of graph shown
02.4 — Identify the relationship between sugar intake and tooth decay from a graph
06.3 — Describe how a person with stomach cancer could develop liver cancer
07.1 — Describe what happens to cells when a tumour forms
07.2 — Give evidence from a figure that a tumour is malignant
08.5 — Give the reason why a drug that stops cell division helps treat cancer
4.2.3Plant tissues, organs and systems
06.1 — Identify the most transparent cell in a leaf cross section
06.2 — Name the cell structure in a mesophyll cell that is not in a root hair cell
01.4 — Suggest why a drug is extracted from berries rather than leaves or roots
04.1 — Complete sentences naming plant tissues
01.2 — Describe how water moves from the roots to the leaves
01.3 — Describe how a student might have counted stomata on a leaf
01.4 — Find the median number of stomata from a table
01.5 — Calculate a mean number of stomata to 2 significant figures
01.6 — Explain why few stomata on the upper leaf surface is an advantage
05.1 — Give the reason why the aphid's mouthpiece contains a high concentration of dissolved sugars after feeding
04.1 — State how the volume of water lost from leaves is controlled
04.2 — Describe the transport of water through a plant from roots to atmosphere
04.3 — Suggest a reason for the difference in water loss between two plants
04.4 — Calculate a rate of water loss from a graph to 2 significant figures
04.5 — Suggest two reasons why the rate of water loss changed when the plants were moved
02.2 — Identify two changes that increase carbon dioxide diffusion into mesophyll cells
06.3 — Name the leaf cells that control the rate of water loss
06.4 — Name the term for movement of water from roots to leaves
06.5 — Identify the change that would decrease the rate of water loss from leaves
06.6 — Compare the structure and function of xylem and phloem (6-mark)
06.7 — Determine a rate of water loss from a tangent, in standard form
06.8 — Explain why the rate of water loss was lower at midnight than midday
05.1 — Name the cells that control the opening and closing of stomata
05.2 — Describe two differences between the transpiration stream and translocation
05.3 — Identify the conditions giving the greatest rate of transpiration
04.2 — Name the substance other than cellulose that strengthens xylem
04.3 — Name the process that transports dissolved sugars around a plant
04.6 — Describe one structural change when a cell differentiates into a phloem cell
4.3Infection and response
4.3.1Communicable diseases
06.2 — Suggest how a bacterial infection might cause a stomach ulcer
08.2 — Suggest how the spread of lungworm disease can be prevented
01.2 — Give two ways a person with a mild Salmonella infection can help prevent spread to others
06.4 — Suggest why viruses cannot be grown on agar
02.1 — Suggest why tools should be disinfected after use on plants with TMV
07.1 — Give one way HIV can spread between people
07.2 — Describe the trends in new HIV cases from a table
07.3 — Suggest a reason for the change in new HIV cases
07.4 — Calculate the ratio of new HIV cases in women to men to 3 significant figures
07.5 — Suggest how HIV data could be presented for a more valid comparison
06.6 — Identify the disease caused by a virus that damages white blood cells
01.1 — Identify the type of pathogen that causes measles
01.2 — Give one way measles is spread
01.4 — Give one symptom of measles other than pain
01.6 — Calculate the number of unvaccinated children with severe measles from a chart
01.7 — Give evidence from a chart that supports measles vaccination for all children
01.1 — State what causes the vomiting and diarrhoea in a Salmonella infection
01.5 — Suggest one other way farmers could prevent transmission of Salmonella from chickens to humans
01.6 — Identify the more effective cleaning liquid and give a reason, using Figure 1
01.9 — Suggest one other factor the restaurant owner should consider when choosing a cleaning liquid
03.1 — State how Salmonella in food causes vomiting and diarrhoea
02.2 — Identify the disease caused by a fungus
08.1 — Identify the type of organism the snail is in the lungworm life cycle
08.3 — Describe two ways to control the spread of malaria
02.1 — Identify the type of pathogen that causes malaria
02.2 — Give evidence from a table that supports a newspaper claim about mosquito nets
02.3 — Suggest why a newspaper claim about mosquito nets may not be valid
02.4 — Predict malaria deaths in a later year from a trend in a table
02.5 — Suggest another reason for fewer malaria deaths each year
05.1 — Name the term for an organism that passes a pathogen between people
05.7 — Describe what a table shows about the interaction between a disorder and malaria
03.1 — Describe two ways the body prevents microorganisms entering
01.4 — Explain why a person with AIDS may take longer to recover from a Salmonella infection
02.6 — Describe how the body prevents pathogens entering and defends against pathogens inside it (6-mark)
07.2 — Explain how increased phagocytosis of a pathogen helps the patient
07.4 — Explain why giving group B red blood cells to a group A patient is dangerous
07.5 — Explain why group O red blood cells can be given to any patient
07.6 — Explain how a vaccine for HIV could prevent HIV infection
03.2 — Explain how vaccinating farm animals prevents a food poisoning outbreak in humans
01.5 — Explain why vaccinating many children reduces the spread of measles
01.3 — Name the type of drug a doctor can prescribe to kill the bacteria
03.6 — Explain why two antibiotics should be prescribed from the results
03.8 — Suggest why an antibiotic no longer had an effect
06.1 — Name one antibiotic
06.3 — Suggest why doctors are concerned about antibiotic resistance
06.5 — State why it is difficult to develop drugs that destroy viruses
08.3 — Compare the effectiveness of three antibiotics from a graph
03.2 — Explain the testing needed before a new drug can be used (6-mark)
08.4 — Explain why a drug that inhibits an enzyme can treat cancer in patients with a gene mutation
08.5 — Explain why the drug could not treat cancer in a patient producing both enzymes
08.6 — Give reasons for using a placebo and a double-blind trial
08.7 — Identify the next stage of a drug trial after healthy volunteers
05.7 — Identify the plant material chewed as a painkiller
07.3 — Describe how clinical trials of a monoclonal antibody treatment should be carried out (6-mark)
01.3 — Identify the plant that aspirin originates from
01.7 — Give two reasons why drugs must be tested in clinical trials
01.8 — Suggest why an online report about a drug may be biased
01.9 — Identify how scientists can be sure claims about new drugs are valid
08.6 — Identify what is involved in preclinical drug testing
01.3 — Identify the plant aspirin originated from
4.3.2Monoclonal antibodies (biology only) (HT only)
05.3 — Describe how the scientist would use the PVY protein to produce a PVY monoclonal antibody
07.7 — Describe how a monoclonal antibody for HIV can be produced
04.4 — Identify the cell formed when a lymphocyte and tumour cell combine
04.5 — Describe how monoclonal antibodies are made from a hybridoma
04.6 — Identify the property that makes monoclonal antibodies useful for detecting a steroid
07.3 — Name three types of cell in the monoclonal antibody process
07.4 — Describe how a mouse is stimulated to make specific lymphocytes
11.1 — Identify the pregnancy test strip showing a negative result
11.2 — Give one other use of monoclonal antibodies
11.3 — Explain how a pregnancy test strip shows a positive result (6-mark)
08.8 — Explain how a monoclonal antibody works to treat pancreatic cancer
07.1 — Describe how monoclonal antibodies and a fluorescent dye could detect a pathogen on a slide
07.4 — Suggest why monoclonal antibodies made from human lymphocytes are more successful than those from mice
07.8 — Suggest how a monoclonal antibody helps prevent HIV developing into AIDS
04.7 — Suggest the purpose of the control area on a test strip
04.8 — Describe evidence that a test strip did not work, and suggest why
04.9 — Identify the athlete who tested positive from test strip results
07.5 — Explain how a monoclonal antibody stops white blood cells attacking a donor liver
07.6 — Give one use of monoclonal antibodies other than pregnancy tests
4.3.3Plant disease (biology only)
07.1 — Give two ways a gardener could identify a plant pathogen
07.2 — Describe the appearance of plants with nitrate and magnesium deficiency
07.3 — Explain why a gardener chose a fertiliser using mineral content data
01.5 — Calculate the mass of a chemical in leaves with chlorosis, in mg
01.6 — Suggest why a plant's leaves have chlorosis
07.4 — Name the ion that is deficient in a plant with yellow leaves
07.5 — Name the term for yellow leaves caused by ion deficiency
04.6 — Describe two ways a gardener could identify a plant disease
04.7 — Identify the plant disease causing purple spots and leaf fall
04.8 — Explain why plants may develop yellow leaves
05.1 — Identify the type of defence response that thorns are
05.2 — State how thorns defend a plant
05.3 — Identify the type of defence response that poisonous berries are
04.1 — Identify plant defences as chemical or physical
04.2 — Suggest how mimicry helps the hornet moth survive
4.4Bioenergetics
4.4.1Photosynthesis
03.1 — Complete the word equation for photosynthesis
01.1 — Complete the word equation for photosynthesis
01.2 — Describe how plants gain the energy for photosynthesis
01.2 — State the function of chloroplasts
06.1 — Complete the symbol equation for photosynthesis
03.2 — Identify the independent variable in a pondweed photosynthesis investigation
03.3 — Suggest two improvements to make the pondweed investigation more valid
03.4 — Calculate a missing rate of photosynthesis in a results table
03.5 — Complete a graph of rate of photosynthesis against bulb power
03.6 — Use the graph to determine the rate of photosynthesis at a given bulb power
03.7 — Identify the graph showing the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis
01.3 — Calculate a mean rate of photosynthesis from a results table
01.4 — Identify the anomalous result in the table
01.5 — Suggest a possible cause of the anomalous result
01.6 — State how the students dealt with the anomalous result
01.7 — Give one factor that should have been kept constant
01.9 — Complete a graph of mean rate of photosynthesis against temperature
05.4 — Explain how daily changes in stomata width are an advantage to a plant
05.5 — Explain how different stomata changes help a plant survive low carbon dioxide
06.2 — Identify the part of a graph that could be represented by y = mx + c
06.3 — Give one way to change the colour of light shining on leaf discs
06.4 — Give the independent and dependent variables in a leaf disc investigation
06.5 — Suggest why air was removed from the leaf discs
06.6 — Explain why sodium hydrogencarbonate solution was used instead of water
06.7 — Explain why the leaf discs rose to the surface
06.8 — Suggest the advantage to a plant of having two types of chlorophyll
06.9 — Explain leaf disc results in blue and green light using absorption data
07.6 — Describe how oxygen produced can be used to measure the rate of photosynthesis
07.7 — State what is meant by a limiting factor
07.8 — Explain the effect of temperature and carbon dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis from a graph
07.9 — Identify the expression for the inverse square law
04.1 — Identify the independent variable in a pondweed and temperature investigation
04.2 — Calculate a rate of photosynthesis to 3 significant figures, with the unit
04.3 — Explain the difference in rate of photosynthesis at two temperatures
04.4 — Give two factors other than temperature that affect the rate of photosynthesis
04.5 — Describe a change to the method to measure the rate of photosynthesis more accurately
02.4 — Explain why plants with TMV have stunted growth
05.2 — Explain how magnesium deficiency could cause yellow leaves and stunted growth
04.6 — Explain why a leaf kept in the light contained glucose and starch
04.8 — Suggest how to develop the investigation into glucose and starch production
05.4 — Explain two other reasons for yellow leaves and stunted growth
05.6 — Explain how root nodules benefit the plant
04.3 — Explain why a tree might die if its roots are damaged (6-mark)
07.1 — Explain starch test results for leaves covered in different ways
07.2 — Predict starch test results for green and white parts of a variegated leaf
07.3 — Explain the expected starch test results for a variegated leaf
4.4.2Respiration
04.2 — Identify the purpose of liquid paraffin in a yeast respiration experiment
04.3 — Predict the indicator colour during maximum anaerobic respiration
04.4 — Suggest how to measure the rate of yeast respiration reproducibly
04.5 — Compare anaerobic respiration in yeast and muscle cells
04.7 — Explain why a leaf kept in the dark contained glucose but no starch
05.5 — Suggest how root nodules benefit the bacteria living in them
04.1 — Identify the chemical equation for aerobic respiration
04.2 — Name the sub-cellular structures where aerobic respiration takes place
04.3 — Give two uses of the energy released in respiration
04.4 — Describe two differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in humans
04.5 — Identify the two products of anaerobic respiration in plant cells
04.6 — Explain why carbon dioxide stayed constant in a sealed tube with pondweed and a snail in the light
04.7 — Suggest why carbon dioxide increased when the tube was covered
02.8 — Explain the effect of a partly blocked coronary artery on the body (6-mark)
05.3 — Explain why the bursting of red blood cells causes tiredness
01.2 — Explain why putting pressure on a stopped heart helps the person
01.3 — Describe how forcing air into the lungs helps a person who has stopped breathing
05.6 — Explain why anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic respiration
02.4 — Describe two differences in the heart-rate responses of person R and person S to exercise, using Table 3
02.5 — Complete the line graph in Figure 3 for person S (add the x-axis scale and label)
02.6 — Calculate the time for person S's heart rate to return to its resting rate
02.7 — Design an investigation to test the hypothesis that smokers' heart rate increases more during exercise than non-smokers' [6-mark]
03.2 — Explain why more red blood cells per cm³ of blood is an advantage to an athlete
05.1 — Explain why a person with a leaking heart valve has difficulty exercising
07.3 — Explain how low numbers of blood components cause tiredness, infections and bleeding (6-mark)
04.1 — Explain two effects of anaerobic respiration on the body during vigorous exercise
04.2 — Design an investigation into the effect of different types of exercise on heart rate (6-mark)
04.3 — Explain how anabolic steroids could improve an athlete's performance
05.7 — Explain why oxygen use stayed high after exercise stopped
05.8 — Explain why more red blood cells is an advantage to an athlete
06.5 — Suggest why coeliac disease can cause poor growth
02.1 — Give one other metabolic reaction in cells
02.2 — Select two conclusions from the metabolic-rate data in Table 2
02.3 — Calculate the percentage decrease in mean metabolic rate of males between 5 and 45 years, to 3 significant figures (equation given)
07.4 — Explain why an axolotl may die in water with a low oxygen concentration
08.3 — Explain how pancreatic cancer may cause weight loss
06.7 — Describe the effects of liver failure on the human body
06.4 — Explain why one warm-blooded organism has a higher metabolic rate than another
02.3 — Explain why a person with cystic fibrosis has difficulty digesting food and gaining mass (6-mark)
02.5 — Explain how less oxygen entering the blood affects the body
06.3 — Explain why a fish's metabolic rate is higher when swimming than resting
4.6Inheritance, variation and evolution (Paper 2 topic)
4.6.1Reproduction
05.4 — Complete a table of differences between sexual and asexual reproduction
4.7Ecology (Paper 2 topic)
4.7.2Organisation of an ecosystem
04.8 — Explain why carbon dioxide increased after the snail died
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